Overcoming Body Dysmorphia: This information package is designed to provide you with some information about body dysmorphic disorder - how it develops, how it is maintained and how to address this problem. It is organised into modules that are designed to be worked through in sequence. We recommend that you complete one module before moving onto the next. Each module contains information, worksheets, and suggested exercises or activities.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition that causes you to view your own physical appearance unfairly. The thoughts and feelings related to your appearance can consume you and affect your thoughts and actions. Eventually, BDD can negatively impact your quality of life and how you feel about yourself.
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IMPORTANT: Body dysmorphic disorder is a condition that has a high risk of self-harming or suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Get immediate help if you have thoughts about harming yourself or others, or if you suspect someone you know is in danger of harming themselves.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common yet underrecognized body image disorder. People with BDD perceive themselves as looking ugly, unattractive, abnormal, or disfigured. But in reality they look normal. There's a profound mismatch between how they see themselves versus how other people see them.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Advances in Research and Clinical Practice, edited by Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. (Oxford University Press, 2017). This is the first edited volume on BDD. This up-to-date, comprehensive, and clinically focused volume covers all aspects of BDD, including patient cases, history of BDD, and classification of BDD; prevalence and clinical features; morbidity (functional impairment, suicidality, aggressive/violent behavior); and BDD in special populations (children and adolescents, gender, and cultural/racial/ethnic issues). It also provides detailed discussion of how to assess and diagnose BDD; what might cause BDD (etiology and pathophysiology); recommended treatments; cosmetic treatment; BDD's relationship to other psychiatric disorders; and scales and resources. The book is intended for mental health clinicians, primary care clinicians, and pediatricians, as well as plastic surgeons, ear, nose, and throat physicians, dermatologists, and other clinicians who provide cosmetic (aesthetic) treatment. I hope it will be helpful to anyone with an interest in psychiatric disorders and especially to BDD sufferers and their loved ones. -Dysmorphic-Disorder-Advances-Research/dp/0190254130/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1513627752&sr=1-6&keywords=katharine+phillips
Handbook on Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, edited by Katharine A. Phillips, M.D., and Dan J. Stein, M.D. (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2015). The book provides an overview of obsessive-compulsive and related conditions: BDD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, excoriation (skin picking) disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and other conditions. -Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorders-Katharine-Phillips/dp/1585624896/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1446415057&sr=8-5&keywords=katharine+Phillips
The Adonis Complex: How to Identify, Treat and Prevent Body Obsession in Men and Boys, by Harrison G. Pope, Jr, M.D., Katharine A. Phillips, M.D., and Roberto Olivardia, Ph.D. (The Free Press, 2002). This book identifies and discusses body image concerns in boys and men, which often go unrecognized and underdiagnosed. It includes a focus on muscle dysmorphia, a form of BDD that consists of preoccupation with the belief that one's body build is too small or that muscularity is insufficient. A substantial proportion of people with the muscle dysmorphia form of BDD abuse and become dependent on potentially dangerous anabolic steroids and other supplements. -Complex-Identify-Prevent-Obsession/dp/068486911X/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&qid=1446415800&sr=8-6&keywords=katharine+Phillips
Katharine A. Phillips, MD, is Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, and Attending Psychiatrist at New York-Presbyterian Hospital, both in New York City. She is also Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University in Providence, RI. She is internationally known for her pioneering research and clinical expertise in body dysmorphic disorder. She is author of The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder(Revised and Expanded Edition) (2005), Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide (2009), and Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Advances in Research and Clinical Practice (2017) (all published by Oxford University Press). She is also co-author of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual, published by Guilford Press in 2013 (with Drs. Sabine Wilhelm and Gail Steketee) and The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession, published by The Free Press in 2000 (with Drs. Harrison Pope and Roberto Olivardia).
Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder, a preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance, has a rich tradition in European psychiatry but has been largely neglected in the United States. Because this little-known disorder is probably more common than is generally realized and can have profound consequences, the author reviews its history, clinical features, and possible relationship to other psychiatric disorders.
Data collection: Data sources consisted of the MEDLINE database and relevant references in articles obtained from this search. Of 145 articles and books obtained, 100 were selected for inclusion in this review on the basis of how closely they conformed to the concept of body dysmorphic disorder as defined in DSM-III-R and how substantially they contributed to an understanding of the disorder's history, clinical features, or nosologic status.
Findings: Body dysmorphic disorder has been colorfully described in the European literature for more than a century. Although its concerns might sound trivial, this disorder can lead to social isolation (including being housebound), occupational dysfunction, unnecessary cosmetic surgery, and suicide. The most commonly associated psychiatric disorder appears to be depression. Although a definitive treatment does not exist, preliminary evidence suggests that serotonergic antidepressant medications may be useful. Whether body dysmorphic disorder is related to other psychiatric disorders, such as psychosis, mood disorder, social phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is unclear at this time.
Conclusions: More research on the nosology, clinical features, and treatment response of body dysmorphic disorder is important, given the distress and impairment this often secret disorder can cause.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a distinct mental disorder in which a person is preoccupied with an imagined physical defect or a minor defect that others often cannot see. As a result, people with this disorder see themselves as "ugly" and often avoid social exposure or turn to plastic surgery to try to improve their appearance.
BDD shares some features with eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. BDD is similar to eating disorders in that both involve a concern with body image. However, a person with an eating disorder worries about weight and the shape of the entire body, while a person with BDD is concerned about a specific body part.
The exact cause of BDD is not known. One theory suggests the disorder involves a problem with the size or functioning of certain brain areas that process information about body appearance. The fact that BDD often occurs in people with other mental health disorders, such as major depression and anxiety, further supports a biological basis for the disorder.
There is no known way to prevent BDD. However, it might be helpful to begin treatment in people as soon as they begin to have symptoms. Teaching and encouraging healthy and realistic attitudes about body image also might help prevent the development or worsening of BDD. Finally, providing the person with an understanding and supporting environment might help decrease the severity of the symptoms and help them better cope with the disorder.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with low self-esteem. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the strength of the cross-sectional relationship between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem in individuals with BDD, mentally healthy controls, community or student samples, and cosmetic surgery patients. Moreover, the role of depressive symptom severity in this relationship and other moderating factors were investigated.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived appearance defects and repetitive behaviors intended to hide, fix or check them. The perceived flaws are not observable or only appear minimal to others. Affected individuals may excessively check their body areas of concern, seek reassurance, camouflage or groom, compare their own physical appearance to that of others, exercise to the point of injury, or even seek cosmetic surgery [1]. The symptoms frequently lead to marked impairment in social functioning and reduced quality of life [2].
Another relevant question is whether the strength of the relationship between BDD symptoms and self-esteem varies systematically between different subgroups. On the one hand, low self-esteem might particularly act as a risk factor for BDD in certain groups such as adolescence. Adolescence is a developmental phase in which body image concerns are common [23]. BDD most frequently begins in this period [24]. Also, adolescence is characterized by declining self-esteem [25,26,27]. Furthermore, decreased self-esteem appears to be strongly related to dysmorphic concern in adolescents [28]. Thus, if low self-esteem represented a risk factor for BDD, it could have a more severe impact in a vulnerable period such as adolescence. On the other hand, BDD symptoms might result in lower self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood than in middle and old age. The concept of contingent self-esteem refers to the degree to which self-esteem depends on achievements and feedback in different domains such as appearance, academic success, relationships, or virtue [29]. A study by Meier et al. suggested that self-esteem might become less contingent on interpersonal conflicts across the life course [25]. If contingent self-esteem also decreased in other domains, a preoccupation with perceived defects in appearance might have a larger effect on self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood compared to middle and old age. Further, some studies found that women tend to have more contingent self-esteem than men, particularly in the domain of appearance [25, 30]. Hence, BDD symptoms might possibly affect self-esteem more strongly in women than in men. Alternatively, it is possible that the effects of appearance concerns on self-esteem are stronger in individuals with (vs. without) a clinical diagnosis of BDD given that - according to our clinical observation - individuals with clinical BDD build their self-esteem predominantly on how they look. So far, there has been a lack of longitudinal studies on BDD symptoms and self-esteem, and therefore we do not know whether low self-esteem could cause BDD. Also, the current studies did not investigate moderators of the cross-sectional relationship between BDD symptoms and self-esteem. However, meta-analytic studies allow for a closer investigation of systematic variation in effect sizes. Thus, insights on the influence of age, gender, or sample type on the relationship between BDD symptoms and self-esteem can be gained. 2ff7e9595c
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